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« Subway Nerd Nirvana | Main | Healtharchy »

November 06, 2007

Watson, Population Groups, Etc

Michael Blowhard writes:

Dear Blowhards --

Like many people, I've read the news reports about James Watson's comments about Africa and brainpower, and the other news reports about condemnations of Watson, about Watson's apology, about his dismissal from the institution he founded.

Main reactions, not that my reactions deserve paying-attention-to:

I'm as scandalized as many are by the spectacle of Watson being crucified. At the same time, I think you have to be a bit of a social-political retard not to realize that topics of the kind that Watson touched on and statements of the kind that Watson made carry a charge. You can't realistically say the kind of thing that Watson said and expect the world at large to act deferential and grateful towards you. Prick the giant monster that is political correctness and you will have a serious fight on your hands.

Given that, once what was said was said ... Well, in the case of James Watson as in the case of Larry Summers, I felt let down. Both men tested a taboo -- yay to that -- and then both men backed down. (Boo, hiss.) Lordy, what wusses. To be fair, perhaps neither guy had any idea how badly he'd taunted the monster. Perhaps both men were taken by surprise by the reactions they provoked. Even so, once the fray was underway I'm sorry that Summers and Watson didn't grow a pair, find their inner "300" Spartan warrior, and put up a serious fight.

Why? For a simple and practical reason. Some people I've met who work in the genetics field have assured me that tons of information about biological-genetic differences between the races is going to be emerging over the next few decades.

Given that fact, it seems to me of the utmost importance that numerous discussions about how we're going to handle this kind of information get underway, and pronto. We seem already 'way past the point where denial, self-righteousness, and attempts to control the conversation will prove productive in anything but the shortest run.

So far as getting started with these conversations go, Steve Sailer and GNXP's Jason Malloy have seemed to me to have a lot to contribute, agree with them or not. They also command about a thousand-trillion times the knowledge and information that I do. (Jason here, Steve here and here.) I also enjoyed scrolling through the comments on Jason and Steve's postings. The world is full of so many brainy, interesting people ...

But, but ... Well, there are two things that emerge sometimes from the rightie side of the table that baffle me.

#1. Some righties seem to feel that the West made a suicidal mistake when it let itself say, "All cultures are equally valuable." According to this crowd, the person who thinks that all cultures are interesting and valuable ensures that all values crumble. The culture that agrees that other cultures are nifty too succeeds only at paralyzing its own will and undermining its own self-preservation abilities.

Muslim hordes will trample us, in other words; we'll have no moral right to assert any control over our borders or to look out for our own interests; everyone related to us will turn gay. In a generation or two, we'll have been outbred by our rivals, and we'll soon be forgotten by history.

My reaction: Huh? Wha'?

I don't get this at all. What exactly is the problem with saying, for example: "France is cool, New Guinea tribes are cool, Sherpas are cool. I not only respect them all, I feel humble before the variety and depth of the world's many cultures. All of them have their riches, their achievements, and their fascinations. Even though I'm a citizen of the U.S., I don't think the U.S. can be said to be objectively better than any of these other cultures. At the same time, there's the question of loyalties and practical politics. Where these are concerned, what counts for me is that the U.S. is my culture, and that it's the culture that 90% of the people I've known and cared about have belonged to. Because of these facts, these experiences, and these loyalties -- and even though I wish everyone in the entire world well, a few psychopaths aside -- my main allegiance where cultures go is to the culture of the U.S."

Saying the above not only doesn't sap me of my will to survive, it fills me with enthusiasm and liveliness, even patriotism. Meanwhile, saying what certain righties seem to want me to say -- namely, "The culture to which I belong is objectively speaking the very best of all cultures, and I defend it on that basis and that basis alone" -- makes me want to jump ship and start playing for someone else's team.

I simply can't see why it must follow from "Having a rooting interest in one's own culture" that one is obliged to denigrate all other cultures. Say that I enjoy following baseball, and that -- for whatever reason -- the team I'm fondest of is the Toronto Blue Jays. Is it suicidal for me as a Blue Jays fan to respect the Oilers, the Cowboys, and the Lakers? (Small joke: I don't follow sports.) Is there any reason that I as a Blue Jays fan can't find these other teams interesting and/or impressive?

Another comparison: Say that you live with your family in a house. Does whether or not you lock your door at night depend on you thinking that your family is objectively better than everyone else in the world? Why? Why shouldn't you be allowed another door-locking justification, one that goes this way: The people who you share your house with are people you love. They're some of the people who mean the most to you. The world outside can be a big and dangerous place. Therefore you lock your doors at night.

#2. Some righties seem to feel a need to rank population groups.

Now, I have no problem at all with the idea that population groups have evolved to flourish in different ecological niches. How could this not be the case?

My own little wrinkle on this, by the way, is: This isn't unfortunate, let alone a tragedy. I really, and make that double-really, don't understand the agonies some people experience concerning the idea that there may be significant differences between population groups. They deny, they cringe, they lie, they blow smoke, they contort, they climb on soap boxes, they grab power and try to dictate terms ... Bizarre. As for me, I find it cool that dogs come in many different breeds, y'know? They're all dogs, and they can all interbreed. But no one but a fool would argue that there are no significant differences between Great Danes and Toy Poodles.

The moral-political-philosophical agonies over population-group-differences are mainly leftie agonies, of course. Righties generally seem willing to agree that there are real differences between population groups, and that these differences may be more than skin keep. What a relief.

But some righties go on from acknowledging-the-existence- of-differences to making-judgments -and-rankings. If there are differences between population groups, then population groups apparently need to be hierarchically ordered. And some righties within this group take an additional step too. They don't just feel a need to rank population groups, they want to use "intelligence" in the IQ sense as the basis for these rankings.

Again: Huh? Wha'?

In the first place, whassup with the whole "We must rank" thang? It's so foreign to my nature that I search for explanations. What kind of person is preoccupied with making value-lists? Imagine waking up every morning in that mindset. How boring life must seem. Besides: Aren't there many, many conversations we could be having at this moment that are far more interesting than the "ranking" conversation?

And even if we must rank, shouldn't we have a conversation first about the basis on which we are to do our ranking? Bases are important. For example: Let's say I show you a hand tool -- let's call it Tool A. I show you another hand tool -- let's call it Tool B. Then I demand that you rank these tools.

I think a typical response to my demand would be to say, "Well, on what basis?" Whether you rank Tool A above Tool B, or Tool B above Tool A depends after all on what you want to use them for. (If you want to use them for anything at all.) Let's say you want to cut some wood. Then a saw is likely to seem better to you than a hammer. But if what you want to do is to drive nails, then a hammer will probably seem to have it all over a saw.

Same with population groups, no? If I want a guide to lead me to the top of a Himalayan mountain, then I'll probably value the population group knowns as "Sherpas" more highly than the population group known as "software engineers." But if I want a computer bug squashed, I'll probably value the population group known as "software engineers" more highly than the population group known as "Sherpas."

This kind of thing pertains even if I don't have a particular purpose in mind. If my interests and pleasures lead me to value precision, scarf-wearing, and a tendency to say "bof" a lot, then I'm going to rank the population group known as "the French" pretty highly. If my interests and pleasures run more along the line of "cuteness," "rice-eating," and "schoolgirl uniforms," then I might rank the population group known as "the Japanese" highly.

So far as using G and IQ as a basis for rankings goes ... Well, cognitive horsepower can be very impressive, of course. But there are many talents, abilities, and qualities that seem to me every bit as worthy of respect as IQ. A few examples: generosity, loyalty, humor, imagination. Brilliance after all isn't always a net positive, and brilliant people have their own characteristic ways of going astray and screwing up.

Compared to lefties, I'm much more willing to agree that there are diffs between population groups. Compared to some righties, though, I'm reluctant to rank and judge in any once-and-for-all kind of way. (Making observations and indulging in speculations, though ... Well, that's almost always a lot of fun.) Not to be coy, I tend to be drawn to people who have some imagination and some humor, and who are more prone to laugh than they are to shift into moral-judgment mode. And I'm tremendously grateful and moved when I encounter people who prove themselves solid and loyal over the long term. As for G and IQ? Well, they're factors that one might or might not take into account. Depends, no?

I think there are some unstated things implicit in this tendency to rank population groups, and to rely on IQ as a basis for these rankings. I think that what many of the ranking-preoccupied people are really saying is: "Some population groups are better suited and equipped than others to flourish and prosper in a modern-economy-type setting."

As a cut-and-dried thing, I don't have any problem with that statement either, do you? After all, a dog breed that has been optimized (by breeders or by natural evolution) to flourish as a sight hound in the desert might not do very well in a swamp. A dog breed that has been optimized for herding might make a terrible lapdog. A dog breed that has been bred for fighting might not be something you want around your children.

Translated into human terms: Australian aborigines may well -- and what do I know, btw? -- not tend to be terribly gifted for life in an advanced, Western-style economy and society. Why should we expect them to be? Since they lived for a very long time in the Australian desert they probably evolved an ability-set that enables them to do a decent job of getting by in the Australian desert. Bravo to that, even if means that they aren't terribly well-suited to being city-dwellers, let alone up-to-date employees of digital-media corporations. Hey, I get by well enough in a modern Western economy myself. But I doubt very seriously that I'd make out well as a tribesperson in the Australian desert.

Still ... Although I have no trouble with the statement "Some population groups are probably better suited and equipped than others to prosper in a modern-economy-type setting" -- I'm a little apprehensive about what the people who make this statement are up to.

What are they getting at, after all? I'd feel a little better about them if they showed more humor, or perhaps more awareness of the existence of other value-sets. If someone values modern-economy-type settings, and thinks only in terms of succeeding in such a thing, and orders all other people only according to how well they succeed in such a setting, this is OK of course. But perhaps it's also OK for me to find such a mindset unattractive -- unimaginative and unplayful, at a minimum.

I'm suspicious that this person's attitude is going to turn out to be the mindset of a person who is intent on bullying -- someone who isn't just making an observation but who has an agenda that I will find disagreeable.

Hey, I'm happy to be realistic. As the races mix in previously unseen ways, it's almost certain that some population groups are going to wind up with more goodies than others are. How might we deal with the ensuing tensions? And as economies evolve, it's likely that population groups that haven't previously been incorporated into the modern-economy world will find themselves on the brink of it. Is it fair, just, or desirable to force groups that aren't likely to succeed very well in the modern world to join it? Given that they're likely to to turn out to be bottom-of-the-rungers -- scavengers in t-shirts foraging through the waste-heaps of the prosperous classes -- perhaps it would be humane to warn jungle tribes and desert nomads of their likely fate. In any case, these seem to me to be genuinely big issues that we'll be seeing ever more of over the next stretch of history.

If someone wants to say "Our culture deserves defending because it's ours," then I'm there. If someone wants to say "Population groups differ in significant ways that are probably biologically based," then I'm on board there too.

But my "I'm being bullied" bells go off when people insist that we need to value our own culture above all others. And my "What's this person up to?" alarms ring when people maintain that population groups can and should be given once-and-for-all rankings, especially according to intelligence.

Semi-related: I riffed about G and the arts here. I notice that Amy Chua, author of the excellent "World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability," has a new book about to come out. Pre-order it here.

Best to try to clamp down and make these topics off limits? Or has the time come to begin to figure out ways to discuss them responsibly? If so, what might some of those ways be?

Best,

Michael

posted by Michael at November 6, 2007




Comments

Don't think all of that means we don't see through you to the dark core of your racism! classcism! sexism! and agism!

Posted by: vanderleun on November 6, 2007 9:17 AM



Watson put the final nail in his metaphorical coffin when he said words to the effect that the lower capabilities of African-origin peoples should be obvious to anyone with black employees. He of course had some black employees at Cold Spring Harbor Labs. By adding these words he took his remarks from the realm of the general and made them personal.

Posted by: Peter on November 6, 2007 9:27 AM



I think FvB said it well: "We have had a world view foisted on us by those to whom that world view benefits."

Then you have to look at what "benefits" means. For many obviously, it is monetary. But for the folks you are referring to in this posting, it may be something else altogether. There seems to be no question that religious zealots of all stripes---and I mean Christian, Jewish, Muslim---all stripes, are massive force-ranking value systems and believe theirs is not only "at the top of the heap" but "should be the only one." I guess they view this as "devotion" and being true to the value system that they embrace. Its circular: "Part of my value system IS that I believe it is the ONLY worthy value system, and I will not stop until you do, too."

Then we have the IQ junkies. After a point I just want to say:"OK,OK,OK----what if everyone admits that your IQ is higher than everybody else's? What if everyone stands here with a straight face and admits for your sake that african-American IQ's are always lower than white IQ's?" Then...so what? What's been demonstrated? Would they just huff off and say "Well, I just wanted you to ADMIT it!" like a cranky wife? Or...what? Does anybody really care what Louis Armstrong's formally tested IQ was? Is the music different once we know the number? I just keep wanting to ask "What's your point??"

Then there are the culture folks--and they are difficult to change because they derive their entire identity from their "culture" and that's that. Not much changing them. They want to belong to a group just like them!!! The opposite of Groucho Marx! The "gay-is-bad-straight-is-good-single- is-bad-married-is-good-Clinton-is-bad -Bush-is-good-no-kids-are-bad -two-kids-are-good-skipping- Church-is-bad-going-to-Church-is-good- Stevie-Nicks-is-bad-Chick-who-won-American-Idol-is-good" folks. Or the "Clinton-is-good-Bush-is-bad -Gay-is-good-Straight-is-bad- Muslims-are-misunderstood-and-most-definitely-America-is-bad" folks. And they are as stupid as those quotes read. But it is what is behind the need to "rank." How can I be "the best" if the group I belong to is not validated by everyone else and universally acknowledged as "the best"??

Posted by: annette on November 6, 2007 10:05 AM



The left/right dilemma you describe, Michael, is one I encounter almost every day.

I live and work in the most extreme leftist communities in the country, Woodstock and Manhattan. So, it is natural (I think) that when I engage my critical facilities, I criticize these places where I live and work. These are the places I really know and understand.

The left is extraordinarily averse to criticism, while at the same time it takes great pride in its "critical thinking," i.e., criticizing those outside the left.

So, inevitably, when I criticize the places where I live and work, the accusation is: "You are a right winger." Almost immediately, this is followed by the standard denunciations... racist, sexist, homophobic. Since by definition, the left defines opposition to its beliefs as a form of bigotry, I find the left to be hysterical in its denunciation of critics.

The favorite tactic seems to be to "out" the offender as a closeted homosexual. It's odd that this tactic is so popular, because it seems to contain within it the notion that homosexuality is degrading.

The cultural argument gets aggravated by the same dynamic. Leftists like to congratulate themselves as proponents of third world culture. I used to do the same thing. When I actually became involved with those cultures, I discovered that most people in those cultures are religious, conservative, family oriented and success driven. Sure, you can find revolutionaries among them. But, they are a distinct minority.

In the same way, the left seems to define its angry, confrontational stance as the "proper" stance for gays. My gay friends are, once again, religious, conservative, family oriented and success driven. Not a one of them shares the gay activist agenda.

I have to say, having grown up in conservative, Republican middle America, that real tolerance is much greater in that community than on the left. The notion that we live in a crisis of some sort always seem to be at the center of leftist argument. This crisis is always so severe that everybody must immediately martyr themselves to solve the current injustice.

Posted by: Shouting Thomas on November 6, 2007 10:49 AM



Michael, your point about righties ranking societies is valid as far as it goes, but it ignores the fact that it is lefties who believe that stating that some ethnic group may be less intelligent on average than another is tantamount to stating that that group is also inferior to the other. Jason Malloy in the comments at gnxp had this to say about leftie complicity in this matter:

The political implications of genetic differences are far from obvious, and if negative political consequences DO end up stemming from these findings, you know what? The majority of the blame can lay squarely at the feet of the Jerry Coynes of the world who absurdly refused to predicate or defend their principles on anything less than (tacitly confessed) fairytale lies of total genetic human equality.

Jerry Coyne and the intellectual and scientific community always had the choice to argue "It is 100% irrelevant if there are genetic differences, social justice X and political policies Y and J are predicated on ethical values K and Q"

But they didn't choose to make this argument. Instead they systematically cried and hollered and silenced and lied for 50 years. Like Coyne they just sulked and quietly dreaded and accepted that genetic differences would (and should) lead to a less just world. And then, accordingly, they turned their backs on every principle they should represent as humanists and scientists to try and bury and prevent any inconvenient revelations of such differences.

Coyne and company will switch gears abruptly and entirely in arguing the value system I suggest above, I fully assure you, but they will do so only too late, and they will only look like disingenuous fools to everyone in doing so.

Posted by: PatrickH on November 6, 2007 11:17 AM



The righties I tend to read on the Web don't catagorically claim superiority of American/Western culture. Their beef (and mine) is that the cultural equivalence folks seem to think all cultures are wonderful -- except ours which is EEEVIL in many important respects. The result is that our culture has been getting ripped by many parts of our educational system. A fair treatment of history is okay, but unfairly denigrating childrens' own culture does not bode well for the future. That is the right-wing complaint I read.

Posted by: Donald Pittenger on November 6, 2007 11:26 AM



Well, all I can say is that I have traveled all over the world, experienced a lot of different cultures, and learned to hate every single one of them.

Posted by: Gary on November 6, 2007 11:26 AM



My big problem with this is how easily people on the right (and the left! the left!) construct such straw men of their opponents -- the lefties Shouting Thomas describes are nothing like the flesh-and-blood liberals I've encountered in my life.

More to the point, I think there are pretty good reasons why conservatives should tread lightly on issues of race and genetics -- if you honestly think its only the "politically correct" people that feel deeply insulted and uncomfortable with talking about Africans having lower IQs, I suggest you get out a little more, and perhaps pay attention to the black American experience.

Otherwise, you run the risk of making monstrously glib comments like this:

...but it ignores the fact that it is lefties who believe that stating that some ethnic group may be less intelligent on average than another is tantamount to stating that that group is also inferior to the other.

So, if I go up to Gary and say that his ethnic group is inferior, and, by implication, he is on average of lesser IQ than myself, do I honestly have the right to smugly assert as an aside, "not that there's anything wrong with that?"

Did I just magically enter Cloudcukooland and not know it?

DU

Posted by: The Mechanical Eye on November 6, 2007 12:06 PM



Very well said Michael, and I agree 100%.

I think what Donald hits on is the main thing behind the righty stance. A lot of white guys are sick of having their heritage slammed and so maybe a little over-compensation ensues. Of course there certainly are simple biggots on the right, but I have many conservative friends who don't have a biggoted bone in their body. But it's hard not to sound like you're a chauvanist when you're always having to stand up for your culture.

Posted by: Todd Fletcher on November 6, 2007 12:15 PM



Well, since people (of all cultures and races) from the Midwest of the US ("where all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average") are superior to virtually anyone else in the US , I have no problem with some groups being defined as having inherent advantages over others.

Posted by: yahmdallah on November 6, 2007 2:58 PM



The fundamental flaw is in thinking that all of humanity should or could exhibit the same virtues and flaws. Nature (and much as we humans have tried to deny it, we are a part of nature) loves and requires diversity and has massive trouble with monocultures. I like Michael's dog analogy; give me beagles and hounds and setters and collies and wolfhounds; don't claim the only dog worth anything is the German Shepard and that's that. Look at what happens in purebred show dogs. After a number of generations the recessive genes begin to have severe negative consequences, even if some specimens exhibit traits close to the idealized notion of perfection in the breed.

That said, a pox on righties trying to argue for IQ being the supposedly objective proof of the superiority of their bloodline; and a pox on lefties who try to argue that all people and cultures are equal in all areas.

And while we're at it a pox on those who would argue that academic realist painting is by definition superior to all other styles. [Sorry, I couldn't resist.]

Posted by: Chris White on November 6, 2007 3:11 PM



Summers and Watson have the reputation of being arrogant bullies in their relations with employees. Then they proved themselves to be cowards. No doubt the writers of improving homilies for schoolboys - if such still exist - will take comfort from bully = coward.

Posted by: dearieme on November 6, 2007 3:56 PM



So I take it, Mechanical, that you do in fact agree with the 'monstrously glib' statement:

"...but it ignores the fact that it is lefties who believe that stating that some ethnic group may be less intelligent on average than another is tantamount to stating that that group is also inferior to the other."

Posted by: PatrickH on November 6, 2007 4:24 PM



Regarding Mr Watson, all brains and no balls: an incomplete man.

Posted by: The Social Pathologist on November 6, 2007 5:05 PM



The fact is that the near hysterical insistence that there are no, can be no differences among different racial/cultural groupings has very tangible real world consequences.

Just one example: I think we can all agree that government, at all its levels, is a huge and ever growing factor in our lives: it taxes, it regulates, it protects, it teaches, it licenses and acts as gatekeeper, it maintains our infrastructure, etc., etc. Now government is absolutely totally committed to the no differences mien. Slight hitch. Government notices that when using tests as a factor in hiring its work force, black and hispanic applicants, on average, consistently score lower than white applicants for those positions that need filling. This cannot be allowed to stand. It breaks the mien.

Solution? Do away with the tests. Hire a work force that is proportionately correct, or more than correct, relative to the general population. Competence be damned.

The result? Competence IS damned and the rest of us suffer the consequences of an increasingly impossibly stupid government work force.

Posted by: ricpic on November 6, 2007 5:30 PM



Chris White is 100% right.

What's amazing is that if this perspective is accessible to Chris, I'll bet it's acceptable to anyone who listens to NPR. (Albeit probably with a little more butter and sugar.) Change is on the way, folks.

Posted by: Mencius on November 6, 2007 5:31 PM



I think Peter nails it--politically dicey as it is to suggest that there may be racial differences in average IQ, it's certainly a debatable point. But the specific way in which Watson raised the issue was his undoing. To say as Watson did that racial IQ differences are obvious to "people who have to deal with black employees" is pure stupid (i.e., political suicide plus scientifically illiterate).

Posted by: Steve W on November 6, 2007 5:56 PM



Michael:
I have to agree with Mr. Pittinger on this one. Your portrait of righties seems to be a bit of a straw man. I don't really know many that are that uncritical of Western civilization.

Furthermore, intelligence is so economically valuable and is correlated with so many undeniably good outcomes that I can see why many groups don't want to be seen as having less of it. Deprecating such a valuable trait fools no one. Furthermore, praising, say, black folks for being sociable, charismatic and musically talented (which they are) is rightly perceived as rather condescending. It elides over the fact that, say, the mostly white U.S. is a reasonably functioning society and the mostly black Zimbabwe is a hell hole. You are right to emphasize caution in ranking civilizations, but beyond a certain point the advantages of one culture just become too obvious to deny. We can talk about valuing different things all we want, but not many people would choose to actually live in Zimbabwe. Don't get me wrong, intelligence is far from everything, and its lack should never be allowed to deny someone their full humanity, but its high degree of desirability is hard to deny.

Lastly, I would just like to note that acknowledging potential group genetic differences in intelligence does not mean that one has to like this state of affairs. Sometimes the truth is unpleasant. I take no pleasure in the sorry state of many third world societies, and I don't think that any decent person could.

Posted by: Thursday on November 6, 2007 6:52 PM



If people understood Hume's Guillotine, to wit, that you cannot deduce an 'ought' from an 'is', then they'd be less likely to flip out over measurable differences in intelligence, whether between individuals or groups. That's an 'is', not an ought, and differences in intelligence have no more to do with inferiority or superiority than does height or weight or the ability to run fast.

And...just to wax mystical and Vedantic for a moment: since people are, at their basis, as Atman, equal to Brahman ('tat tvam asi'--'Thou Art That'), it is literally meaningless to say that any human is inferior or superior to another in any global or fundamental way. Not wrong. Meaningless. There is no end to the story of any human being, no place at which you can stop and say, "Aha! Now at last I have the complete picture! Now I know everything there is to know about X!" Since humans are, in this sense, empty of ground, empty of any finished (or finishable) explanation, you cannot, even in principle, place them against a scale by which you can judge them as superior or inferior. Infinite beings just cannot be ranked against one another. It's not wrong to do so. It's meaningless.

Posted by: PatrickH on November 6, 2007 8:48 PM



You're right that Watson's remark about his experiences employing blacks was the most ill-considered thing he said, and the most damaging.

What I don't get is how it found its way into print. It was apparently an off-hand remark, taken out of context, and made in the course of a several-day long interview on two continents. Morevoer, the woman who interviewed him was a former colleague of many years standing and a trusted acquaintence. She must have known how it would go down. Did she have it in for him? Why did she keep pedaling the piece after several other papers turned it down. And why did the editors who finally ran the piece not cut that one extraneous remark instead of making it the headline?

I can't help but think there might be a basis for a law suit here, or a libel case, or something. Especially when you consider the impact of affirmative action on the rarefied field that Watson was hiring in. He might not win the suit, but at least he would have a chance to defend himself, and maybe destroy her. She deserves it. After all, she destroyed him.

Posted by: Luke Lea on November 6, 2007 11:06 PM



The smartest man in the world may well be an African living in the back of nowhere, though the combination of sheer numbers and empirically-demonstrable differences in racial IQ's argue for that unknown person being able to speak Chinese fluently. But so what? Regardless of which way the bell curve is shifted by race, Ice Cubes are not the most important thing in the world. What's important to me is that the people with whom I interact are competent to successfully transact our business, whether it be simple conversation, landing the plane,or removing my appendix; and that they treat me with the same consideration that I give them. To these ends, color-blind competitive hiring promotes competence; no quotas, no affirmative action. Isn't it as important to have worthy people filling jobs in industry and government as it is to have the most worthy candidate filling your team's middle linebacker position? And using data to rub salt into the wounds of racial sores does no one any good, in fact, it tends to compromise the mutual consideration upon which I place such great value. Despite the poet's declaration that Truth is Beauty and Beauty is Truth, sometimes Truth is ugly and needs to be kept hidden from view lest it provoke public discord and disgust. In this matter it is likely more as Jack Nicholson's character said, "You can't handle the truth."

Posted by: lacrimae rerum on November 6, 2007 11:29 PM



Oops. In my previous post mien should be meme. My bad.

Posted by: ricpic on November 7, 2007 2:03 AM



I don't disagree with your fundamental points, Michael, but I think you are grouping several different types of conservatism together in this post, to the detriment of your argument. Most conservatives of the kind I know not only are not supporters of the idea of the genetic superiority of any specific race, they regard such talk as an outrage against human decency. And they dislike people like James Watson, too, not for daring to speak the supposed truth about race, but because he is a proponent of eugenic abortion and other such profoundly distasteful prescriptions for a better society. See the link.

I know there are people who insist that "g" is not only predictive of intelligence, but of such character traits as impulse control, ambition, efficiency, and so forth. In other words, of moral qualities. Once you get into this realm - of using theories of genetics to predict not only intelligence but moral behaviour - you are on dangerous ground, because while intelligence as such may not be a gauge of one's worth, behaviour usually is. I suppose it's worth investigating further, but I do wonder what people propose to do with such knowledge. Some suggestions - like discouraging the immigration of people from what is supposed to be intellectually poor genetic stock - are decidedly distasteful to me. (Quite a different issue from the question of whether to lessen immigration in general - which is or can be defensible on practical grounds.)

I have no idea whether "g" is in fact useful as a predictor of behaviour, and remain rather doubtful about it. I think we should all bear in mind the way that scientists, with the help of over-eager journalists and a scientifically semi-literate public, have unintentionally confused and misled us about the connection between fats, weight, and health, as you wrote in a recent post - surely a less complex subject than the relationship between genetics, intelligence, and human behaviour. We ought to wait before drawing conclusions about, much less making predictions or allowing our masters to develop policies based upon, investigations into the heritability of intelligence.

I also agree with Donald that the main reason some of us conservative types are touchy on the subject of culture is that we have all been forced to accept a sustained attack on the sins and crimes of Western culture from the academy. The attack was perhaps initially justified as a counter-weight to a long history of Western triumphalism, but it has left the young ignorant of some of the more worthy achievements of their own society.

Posted by: alias clio on November 7, 2007 2:21 AM



According to this crowd, the person who thinks that all cultures are interesting and valuable ensures that all values crumble.

I simply can't see why it must follow from "Having a rooting interest in one's own culture" that one is obliged to denigrate all other cultures.

Note that these are two extreme things.

Claim 1: ALL cultures are interesting and valuable.
Claim 2: ALL other cultures are inferior.

But what if it's not all? What if the truth is that *some* other cultures (or portions thereof) are interesting and valuable, and *some* other cultures are inferior and barbaric?

Righties who denigrate the truth of Claim 1 *do not* believe the exact opposite, which is claim 2. Why can't I appreciate French pastries and Japanese video games while scorning Islamic burkas and Latino religiosity and Haitian superstition?


Unfortunately for us all, verbal debates are not numerical or logical ones. It's actually a useful exercise to boil down political arguments to suppositions about premises (if P then Q, and so on). You strip it down like that and you can see the struts, the exposed girders of an argument -- the places where the argumentative vehicle jumped the tracks and went from (X believes that P implies Q) to (X believes not P), which is a fallacious inference.

Even though I'm a citizen of the U.S., I don't think the U.S. can be said to be objectively better than any of these other cultures.

Here's the thing -- those guys from other cultures don't have these hangups. They have the zeal, the belief in their culture -- whether it be Ashkenazic or Islamic or Sinic or whatever -- and they are willing to sacrifice and fight and lie and kill for it.

If you don't believe your country's culture is better than another's culture, why would you fight for the preservation of your culture? You wouldn't. By saying that all are equal, you're saying you have no preference for your culture over theirs. Those with a preference will replace your culture.

Posted by: gc on November 7, 2007 8:22 AM



I really, and make that double-really, don't understand the agonies some people experience concerning the idea that there may be significant differences between population groups.

Because a lack of IQ means the inability to take care of your own. Take public health, for instance. If you don't have enough people who can understand medicine and biology and chemical engineering -- and if you lack the IQ to forecast distal outcomes of proximal choices -- your people are fated to die horrible deaths from treatable diseases. Without IQ, you don't have working toilets or roads. Your life is nasty, brutish, short, and highly unpleasant.

I'd feel a little better about them if they showed more humor, or perhaps more awareness of the existence of other value-sets.

Of course they exist. The key thing you need to admit is that all those other value sets are subordinate to having food on the table, running water, electricity, medicine, roads, etc.

Art and mountain climbing and basketball are way down the priority list if we're talking Maslow's hierarchy of needs. You need food, water, shelter. You need to establish a base level. Lest you think this is a trivial thing to manage, go to a Third World country some time. You'll see that many people *can't* manage it -- and they are desperate to come to a country where people *can* manage to establish that base level of existence, where the feces aren't in the streets and the mosquito is an annoyance rather than a vector of death.

IQ is necessary to establish that base level. Without IQ, people starve to death. Without basketball playing ability, people just play other sports like curling or whatever. All skills are not of equal relevance for maintaining human happiness.

Posted by: gc on November 7, 2007 8:34 AM



[Here's one mega comment that encapsulates both the above. Keep this one please. ]


According to this crowd, the person who thinks that all cultures are interesting and valuable ensures that all values crumble.

I simply can't see why it must follow from "Having a rooting interest in one's own culture" that one is obliged to denigrate all other cultures.

Note that these are two extreme things.

Claim 1: ALL cultures are interesting and valuable.
Claim 2: ALL other cultures are inferior.

But what if it's not all? What if the truth is that *some* other cultures (or portions thereof) are interesting and valuable, and *some* other cultures are inferior and barbaric?

Righties who denigrate the truth of Claim 1 *do not* believe the exact opposite, which is claim 2. Why can't I appreciate French pastries and Japanese video games while scorning Islamic burkas and Latino religiosity and Haitian superstition?


Unfortunately for us all, verbal debates are not numerical or logical ones. It's actually a useful exercise to boil down political arguments to suppositions about premises (if P then Q, and so on). You strip it down like that and you can see the struts, the exposed girders of an argument -- the places where the argumentative vehicle jumped the tracks and went from (X believes that P implies Q) to (X believes not P), which is a fallacious inference.

Even though I'm a citizen of the U.S., I don't think the U.S. can be said to be objectively better than any of these other cultures.

Here's the thing -- those guys from other cultures don't have these hangups. They have the zeal, the belief in their culture -- whether it be Ashkenazic or Islamic or Sinic or whatever -- and they are willing to sacrifice and fight and lie and kill for it.

If you don't believe your country's culture is better than another's culture, why would you fight for the preservation of your culture? You wouldn't. By saying that all are equal, you're saying you have no preference for your culture over theirs. Those with a preference will replace your culture.

I really, and make that double-really, don't understand the agonies some people experience concerning the idea that there may be significant differences between population groups.

Because a lack of IQ means the inability to take care of your own. Take public health, for instance. If you don't have enough people who can understand medicine and biology and chemical engineering -- and if you lack the IQ to forecast distal outcomes of proximal choices -- your people are fated to die horrible deaths from treatable diseases. Without IQ, you don't have working toilets or roads. Your life is nasty, brutish, short, and highly unpleasant.

I'd feel a little better about them if they showed more humor, or perhaps more awareness of the existence of other value-sets.

Of course they exist. The key thing you need to admit is that all those other value sets are subordinate to having food on the table, running water, electricity, medicine, roads, etc.

Art and mountain climbing and basketball are way down the priority list if we're talking Maslow's hierarchy of needs. You need food, water, shelter. You need to establish a base level. Lest you think this is a trivial thing to manage, go to a Third World country some time. You'll see that many people *can't* manage it -- and they are desperate to come to a country where people *can* manage to establish that base level of existence, where the feces aren't in the streets and the mosquito is an annoyance rather than a vector of death.

IQ is necessary to establish that base level. Without IQ, people starve to death. Without basketball playing ability, people just play other sports. All skills are not of equal relevance for maintaining human happiness.

Steve W:

To say as Watson did that racial IQ differences are obvious to "people who have to deal with black employees" is pure stupid (i.e., political suicide plus scientifically illiterate).

Political suicide, yes. As for "scientifically illiterate", well...if you take a sample of N random variables from the same distribution, what's the probability that they're *all* outliers?

It would be astonishing if individual perceptions were generally at odds with statistical trends.

Thursday:

It elides over the fact that, say, the mostly white U.S. is a reasonably functioning society and the mostly black Zimbabwe is a hell hole.

Exactly. THAT is the core issue. Zimbabweans themselves know that all skills are not equal.

Luke Lea:

And why did the editors who finally ran the piece not cut that one extraneous remark instead of making it the headline?

Link.

A story was offered to the Sunday Times newsdesk by magazine staff, but was declined on the grounds that Watson had said such things in the past, as indeed he had. Thus it was left to Simon Kelner, editor of the Independent, to take Watson’s claims and to run them as its lead story on Wednesday, under the banner: ‘Africans are less intelligent that Westerners, says DNA pioneer’. In this way, Watson’s fate was sealed.

You will probably be unsurprised by Kelner's extraction.


alias clio:

Some suggestions - like discouraging the immigration of people from what is supposed to be intellectually poor genetic stock - are decidedly distasteful to me.

Suppose it were established that certain behavioral traits -- such as law abidance, impulse control, criminality, and so on -- were differentially distributed between populations beyond a reasonable doubt, and moreover that these differences could not easily be remediated with non-genetic means.

It would be rather foolish to fill up your country with people who were 10X more likely to commit murder, no?


I have no idea whether "g" is in fact useful as a predictor of behaviour, and remain rather doubtful about it.

There are tons of psychometric and neurophysiological quantities besides g that are very good predictors of behavior. See for ex:

Given our close phylogenetic relatedness, non-human primates, in principle, could serve as an ideal model for alcoholism. Indeed, many studies in both humans and rhesus macaques show relationships between excessive alcohol consumption, aggression and serotonergic function, as measured by concentrations of the principal metabolite of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). An important behavioral predictor of excessive alcohol consumption in both humans and rhesus monkeys is the propensity toward impulsivity. Integrating behavioral and neuroendocrine data from captive and semi-free-ranging rhesus macaques, we posit that benefits derived from impulsive and aggressive behaviors in some contexts might contribute indirectly to the maintenance of traits involved in alcoholism and excessive alcohol intake.

This literature is vast and burgeoning. Google "behavioral genetics" or "neuropsychiatry" sometime.

Posted by: gc on November 7, 2007 8:52 AM



Let's take a simple case like a small African village. Due to any number of factors (climate variations, pollution from a nearby mining operation, population growth) the hand dug well in the village is no longer reliable. The nearest potable water is five miles away. If the village had the money it could have a modern well drilled, but it does not. Women in the village spend their days walking back and forth to the water source balancing five-gallon containers on their heads. There is no school because they cannot afford a teacher.

Surely, this situation cannot be solved because these darkies lack the "g" to figure out how to get a venture capitalist to invest in a well for their village. In short, there may be many reasons beyond aggregate IQ why countries like Zimbabwe are hellholes compared to industrialized nations.

Posted by: Chris White on November 7, 2007 2:08 PM



I agree that the takedowns of Summers and Watson (both Democrats, by the way, you left-haters) were unconscionable. However, I'm deeply disturbed by the apparent glee I sense in so many on the right when these topics come up. I mean, it's interesting whether one race has, on average, higher IQs or better jumping ability, but the tone of so many? It's like they're just thrilled to have some empirical proof to justify their dislike of one group or another.

Posted by: JewishAtheist on November 7, 2007 2:34 PM



It's worth noting that Zimbabwe may be a hellhole, but neighbouring Botswana is, by regional standards, prosperous and well-governed. So average IQ ain't everything. Even a dullish population (accepting that view for argument's sake) has enough high-IQ members to constitute a reasonably competent elite - provided the political Zeitgeist puts reasonably competent people in power, and not parasites or men with guns.

Posted by: Intellectual Pariah on November 7, 2007 2:58 PM



This reminds me of those all-night, pot driven debates about how many angels can dance on the head of a pin. It’s fruitless, but somehow all the participants can proclaim how smart and evolved they are. The comments are getting longer and longer much like how I remember those bullshit sessions going down. The responses are getting more graspy as it goes on. Wait….what was the original point?

Posted by: Matt on November 7, 2007 4:31 PM



But my "I'm being bullied" bells go off when people insist that we need to value our own culture above all others. And my "What's this person up to?" alarms ring when people maintain that population groups can and should be given once-and-for-all rankings, especially according to intelligence.

It depends on what you mean by "valuing." Valuing one's own culture above others – even all others — doesn't mean having contempt for every other; it doesn't stop you from appreciating aspects of foreign cultures; certainly doesn't imply that they must be overcome. But if you buy the premise that no one has a moral right to prefer his own culture (which of course is what the multi-culturalists preach), then there is no logical reason for preserving it and a moral imperative for destroying it. So, to carry this to its conclusion, there shouldn't be any cultures except one that is worldwide and uniform, which again is the (usually unspoken) ideal of the PC Commissars.

But silly old human nature does keep popping up, and the only way you can get large numbers of people to go against it is through coercion, which is exactly the situation here and now.

You imply you are suspicious of the motives of those who recognize racial differences. Well, everyone has mixed motives, and no doubt you can find some impure ones. There are undoubtedly "race realists" whom neither you nor I would care to be associated with. But, with that said, I am more suspicious of people who insist that scientific facts that make them uncomfortable must be suppressed, and anyone who points them out driven from respectable society. I'm real suspicious of people like that, Michael. It is they who have very nearly succeeded in turning an intellectually open society into a Stalinist closed one on every "sensitive" topic. And if it were not for the dissenters you are suspicious of, the PC orthodoxy would be absolute.

As for "ranking" population groups, I've been struggling with that one ever since The Bell Curve. If it is true (and it is) that hundreds of standardized IQ tests have shown that the average black IQ is 15 points lower than that of whites, well then … what? I have yet to answer that to my own satisfaction. I can't think what, if anything, should be done about it. It's especially complicated because we're talking (let us never forget) about averages.

Even without some far-reaching and immutable system of ranking racial and ethnic groups, a prospect I would find distasteful, from a real-world standpoint it would be stark staring crazy to have an immigration policy that favors immigrants from lower-average-IQ groups. That would be asking for trouble. It's a good thing we don't — uh-oh, wait a minute. That's exactly, de facto, the policy we have.


Posted by: Rick Darby on November 7, 2007 6:11 PM



Chris White:

In short, there may be many reasons beyond aggregate IQ why countries like Zimbabwe are hellholes compared to industrialized nations.

What you neglect is that all other wealthy countries bootstrapped themselves out of such circumstances.

Link.

In this memoir, the man most responsible for Singapore's astonishing transformation from colonial backwater to economic powerhouse describes how he did it over the last four decades. It's a dramatic story, and Lee Kuan Yew has much to brag about. To take a single example: Singapore had a per-capita GDP of just $400 when he became prime minister in 1959. When he left office in 1990, it was $12,200 and rising. (At the time of this book's writing, it was $22,000.)

No one gave cell phones to Singapore. The thing is, it *is* possible to keep high IQ groups down. Leftism has kept the North Koreans and the Vietnamese down for decades. Islam has kept the Iranians from achieving at the level of their expats.

The wrong culture can depress achievement. But culture can't get blood out of a stone.

There is no African Singapore. The wealthiest African countries in the world are Botswana and Barbados. They are managed by DeBeers and the tourism industry respectively:

But renewed economic growth has not entirely dispelled the unease of the early 1990s. Critics of the conservative Barbados Labour Party claim that it tolerates a small white elite, descended from the colonial planters, which wields disproportionate economic power.


Jewish Atheist:

I mean, it's interesting whether one race has, on average, higher IQs or better jumping ability, but the tone of so many?

Link.



J.B.S. Haldane's "four stages of acceptance" of a scientific theory:

1. This is worthless nonsense.
2. This is an interesting, but perverse, point of view.
3. This is true, but quite unimportant.
4. I always said so.

Given the content of this thread, I guess we're somewhere between stages 2 and 3 -- an "interesting but perverse" point of view.

Intellectual Pariah:

but neighbouring Botswana is, by regional standards, prosperous and well-governed.

By regional standards? Ok, but that's not a very high standard:

Link.

Botswana is among the countries hardest hit by AIDS. In 2005 there were an estimated 270,000 people living with HIV. This, in a country with a total population below two million, gives Botswana an adult HIV prevalence rate of 24.1%, the second highest in the world after Swaziland. (An earlier UNAIDS estimate of 37.3% prevalence in Botswana is now thought to have been too high.)1

Life expectancy at birth fell from 65 years in 1990-1995 to less than 40 years in 2000-2005, a figure about 28 years lower than it would have been without AIDS.2 An estimated 120,000 children have lost at least one parent to the epidemic.3 In an address to the UN assembly in June 2001, President Festus Mogae summed up the situation by saying:

If you want to hang on to an African success story, you would be better off promoting Barbados for all it's worth. Barbados is to Haiti as Malaysia is to Indonesia; both countries have avoided the fate of their neighbor by allowing economic control by a market dominant minority (whites in Barbados, Chinese in Malaysia).

And as for this:

Even a dullish population (accepting that view for argument's sake) has enough high-IQ members to constitute a reasonably competent elite

That is sheer assertion. Reality is somewhat different.

Link.

South Africa matters, because if it fails, the rest of Africa hasn't a prayer. Yet if it booms, it could do for the poorest continent what Japan did for East Asia. It has Africa's most sophisticated economy, by far. The roads are smooth, ATMs work and, most importantly, it is the only sizeable country south of the Sahara where the rule of law prevails....

But still, there has been no take-off. Economic growth sputters along at a whisker above population growth. The poor have grown poorer since '94, partly because of AIDS, but also because about half of all blacks are jobless. Only rapid economic growth can solve that problem, but the government has not made this a priority. I once asked Mr. Mbeki if he thought South Africa could achieve double-digit growth like East Asia; he appeared not to have considered the possibility.

Instead, the focus is on redistribution. And not the conventional sort, from rich to poor, but from white to black, which is not the same. South Africa has embarked on probably the most extreme affirmative action program anywhere. Private companies above a certain size are obliged to try to make their workforces "demographically representative" (i.e. 75% black, 50% female, etc.) from factory floor to boardroom. This is not a minor irritant, like affirmative action in the U.S. The group which must be given preference constitutes a large majority. But because, under apartheid, blacks were deliberately deprived of education, there is a gaping shortage of blacks with commercially useful skills. Less than 2% of chartered accountants, for example, are black.

This can only be fixed by improving schools. But the ANC's first impulse, when it came to power, was to try to raise the proportion of teachers who were black, by paying a large number of the most experienced white teachers to retire. Scandalously, black pupils' exam results got worse in the early years after apartheid ended. They have since recovered, but still, barely 1% of black high school students pass higher grade math, and very few opt for tough subjects at university, such as science or engineering.

Link.

Zimbabwe turns back the clock


Harare - In this nation that once boasted one of sub-Saharan Africa's most vibrant economies, things have become so bad that people have taken to telling a wry joke: "What did we have before candles?" The answer: "Electricity." Four years of turmoil have turned back the clock here. Ambulances are drawn by oxen. Hand-guided cattle plows have replaced farm machinery. The state railroad uses gunpowder charges on the tracks to warn trains of danger ahead. The often-violent seizure of thousands of white-owned farms for reallocation to black Zimbabweans, coupled with erratic rains, has decimated Zimbabwe's agriculture-based economy. President Robert Mugabe argues that the land seizures have corrected ownership imbalances from British colonial days that left one-third of the country's farmland in the hands of about 5 000 white farmers. Many seized farms went to Mugabe's cronies and lie fallow. Ownership deeds were abolished, denying most new farmers collateral for loans for equipment and materials. Tobacco production - once the country's biggest hard-currency earner - has dropped by nearly 75% since the seizures began in 2000.

The economic free-fall has been marked by regular power blackouts and acute shortages of fuel, spare parts and new technology. Soaring inflation and a shortage of hard currency have made it impossible to import machinery needed to rebuild the economy. Once-fertile farmland now has the desolate look of a junkyard; farm machines that used to rumble through fields now stand idle, broken down or plundered for components.

Without IQ, advanced civilizations simply cannot endure. I'm posting this whole article as it appears to have gone down the memory hole.

Link.

THE NEW REPUBLIC

SOUTH AFRICA'S ENERGY MELTDOWN.

Power Crisis

by Joshua Hammer

Only at TNR Online

Post date: 04.10.06

CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA

Sprawling on a sweep of rocky beach eighteen miles
north of Cape Town, the Koeberg Nuclear Power
Station has been a South African showpiece for
more than two decades. The white-minority
government opened the reactor in 1984, part of an
ambitious nuclear program that also included
uranium-enrichment facilities and a hydrogen-bomb
factory near Pretoria. The African National
Congress, which took power in 1994, abandoned the
weapons program but has relied on Koeberg as a
major supplier of energy for the 4.5 million
people of Western Cape Province, the
fastest-growing region of the country. ANC
leaders were not comfortable with their
inheritance from the apartheid-era regime, but
once they took over, one local journalist told
me, "Koeberg became their jewel in the crown."

Or it was until February. On Sunday morning,
February 19, a short circuit on a high-voltage
transmission line near Cape Town automatically
tripped the reactor's single functioning
generator, resulting in one of the worst crises
in South Africa's post-apartheid history.
As
engineers tried to repair the damage and bring
the 900-megawatt generator back on line, Eskom,
the country's power monopoly, ordered rolling
blackouts that paralyzed Cape Town, South
Africa's second biggest city, and the rest of the
Western Cape for two weeks. Traffic lights went
dead, turning rush-hour commutes into nightmares.
Business ground to a halt. Gas pumps and ATMs
ceased functioning. Police stations, medical
clinics, and government offices were forced to
operate by candlelight. Fecal matter poured into
rivers and wetlands after the city's sewer pumps
were cut
, killing thousands of fish and
threatening cormorants, kingfishers, and herons.
Tourists were stranded in cable cars hanging over
Table Mountain, and burglars descended on the
city's affluent neighborhoods, taking advantage
of disabled security systems. By the time Eskom
turned the lights back on across the province on
March 3, the blackouts had cost the economy
hundreds of millions of dollars. And there were
indications that worse was yet to come. The Cape
Argus summed up the fiasco with a front-page
banner headline: "WE CAN'T COPE, ESKOM ADMITS".

For South Africans, the power failures offered a
disconcerting glimpse of the fragility that lies
just beneath the country's prosperous surface.
The collapse of Cape Town's power grid unleashed
charges of cronyism, bad planning, and
mismanagement against the ANC--in short, of the
kind of bad governance that has undermined many
of South Africa's neighbors, such as
Zimbabwe--and caused some concern about South
Africa's role as an anchor on an unstable
continent. President Thabo Mbeki, who kept silent
throughout the crisis, exacerbated his image as a
detached leader afraid of dabbling in the messy
business of governance. "Mbeki is too insular and
has been for his entire presidency," the
respected Business Day newspaper editorialized.
The breakdowns have also laid bare long-simmering
racial grievances that the ANC has never
addressed: Many whites saw the power grid's
collapse, perhaps unfairly, as evidence that
Black Economic Empowerment, or BEE, the ANC's
version of affirmative action, has brought
unqualified people into key positions of
responsibility.
"Given the mismanagement of this
economy à la Eskom, I am beginning to prefer my
oppressors to be white," one reader wrote to
Business Day, reflecting the racially charged
atmosphere. In the Western Cape Province, where
the ANC has never been
popular--Afrikaans-speaking Cape "coloreds"
rejected the ANC in favor of F.W. DeKlerk's
National Party in 1994 and have voted against it
ever since--the breakdowns may even have cost the
party its hold on power. Local elections took
place in the midst of the crisis (most people
voted in the dark), and the ANC received an
abysmal 38 percent of the vote, 2 percent less
than the white-dominated Democratic Alliance. "It
was a slap in the face," says Henry Jeffreys,
editor of Die Burger, an Afrikaans newspaper in
Cape Town.

I spent the entire two-week period of the
blackouts in Cape Town, watching as the city
descended into chaos. Frustrated commuters inched
through traffic-lightless intersections at rush
hour, slamming on brakes, narrowly averting
collisions, without a traffic cop in sight. Six
days into the crisis, I watched angry shoppers at
Pick 'n Pay, my local supermarket, ransack the
shelves in a futile search for gas stoves and
candles, which had run out days earlier. "What
the hell is wrong with this country?" one man
shouted to nobody in particular. "They send
electricity to Mugabe and they don't have enough
to take care of their own citizens." ( Eskom
exports some power from coal-fueled generators
across the Limpopo River to Zimbabwe, and last
month agreed to invest $37 million into the
expansion of Zimbabwe's Hwange Power Station, but
the deals had little or no bearing on Cape Town's
shortages.) Eskom's response to the crisis didn't
help matters. The power company insisted
throughout the crisis that the problems were a
minor glitch in the system, despite plenty of
evidence to the contrary. "Our computer indicates
you don't have a blackout in your area, sir," one
man at the 24-hour call-in center insisted, as I
stared down from my hilltop home at the densely
populated, and utterly dark, Constantia Valley.
After a week of assurances that power was about
to be restored, I followed the advice of other
Cape Townians and located a small generator. The
price was $2,000, and I had to commit to the
purchase on the spot. "They're gathering like
vultures," the dealer confided.

For such a prolonged crisis, the immediate cause
was almost comically trivial: During the
refueling of one of Koeberg's two generators last
December, an 80-centimeter-long metal bolt broke
off and got caught inside the cooling system. By
the time engineers realized what had happened,
the bolt had caused massive damage to the
generator's 200-ton rotor. Eskom managers
couldn't find a replacement in South Africa, and
they had to beg the French consortium that had
built Koeberg to supply one. The French claimed
they had none to spare. Koeberg was down to one
working generator. Then, on that fateful Sunday,
soot from brush fires damaged overhead power
cables that carry additional power to the Western
Cape from coal-fueled plants in distant
Mpumalanga Province. Koeberg's second unit
automatically shut down as a safety precaution to
avoid overload, and the worst-case-scenario
ensued. With both generators dead, Eskom was
forced to rely on inadequate supplies from the
coal-burning plants 1,000 miles away. Critics say
that both government and Eskom officials had
failed to carry out maintenance, safeguard
transmission lines, and take other precautions
that might have averted disaster. Thulani
Gcabashe, the beleaguered chief executive of
Eskom, admitted to me that the government never
envisioned that both of Koeberg's generators
could break down simultaneously. "We had a
contingency plan [for one generator's collapse],"
said Gcabashe, who has come under fire for
receiving $1 million in performance-pegged
bonuses last year. "But [the failure of ] two ...
wasn't conceived."

Yet the catastrophe clearly goes beyond poor
vigilance. During the past five years, the ANC
leadership has failed to expand the Western
Cape's power-generating capacity, even as rapid
population influx and a 5-percent-plus growth
rate were putting unbearable demands on the
system. "The ANC is a victim of its own success,"
says Henry Jeffreys. The trouble might have been
averted had the ANC privatized the power
industry, as it had talked about doing in the
late 1990s, but the initiative bogged down in
infighting between the pro-deregulation camp and
those who feared losing the government's monopoly
over electricity. In the Western Cape the ANC
leadership solidified its image as an
organization stuck in the past, prone to
exploiting old racial fears, when two top
officials implied, without evidence, that Koeberg
had been sabotaged by forces opposed to black
rule. The breakdown "did not [happen] by
accident," Alec Erwin, the Public Enterprises
Minister, declared at a press conference on
February 28. Coming the day before local
elections, the comments were widely viewed as an
opportunistic bid to stave off defeat at the
polls. (The officials later retracted their
allegations.) "It was a raw abuse of power," I
was told by Cape Town mayor-elect Helen Zille of
the Democratic Alliance.

Except for a few minor interruptions, the power
has been back on in the Western Cape for the last
month, and life has returned to normal. But
almost nobody believes that it's going to stay
that way. Gcabashe admitted to me that the region
faced a "short term" power crisis, and said that
Eskom would have to start calling for voluntarily
reductions of electricity use. A new rotor for
the other generator just arrived in South Africa
from France, but nobody knows how long it will
take to install the sophisticated piece of
machinery. The problem is that the second
generator is due for a mandatory shut down this
month for a once-every-20-years maintenance
routine. If the new rotor isn't in place by then,
"the Western Cape will have rolling blackouts for
two months, when it's getting cold," an Eskom
insider says. "This is a nightmare beyond
comprehension." For the ANC, the political
backlash from such a scenario would be
significant. In the meantime, we're hunkering
down for what could be a dark, cold winter. Our
Honda generator has been topped off with gasoline
and is ready to go. And unlike the Koeberg
nuclear reactor, all of the bolts are screwed on
tight.

JOSHUA HAMMER is the correspondent at large for Newsweek.

Posted by: gc on November 8, 2007 2:00 AM



gc:

I'd rather see you address Rick Darby's points rather than keep on hammering the same thing over and over again. We get it! Biology plays a major role in individual and group human achievement. No serious contributer here has doubted it. We may quibble as to the extent of it, and it's pretty clear you're on the rather reductive side of the equation, but okay, we accept that and we move on to, well, what is to be done?

From the looks of it, and correct me if I'm wrong, you suggest a sort of benign economic and political paternalism over less socio-economically achieving groups, with obvious paths for able group members to move up by their own merit if they so have it. After all, we're talking averages, and there are going to be Africans who are going to be able to become physicists, much less accountants, just not at the numbers of other groups.

Still, what troubles me about such a scheme is this: It looks all well and good on paper, perfectly rational given the facts on the ground, but almost like libertarian economic theory, anyone who's studied history can see that it's not going to work too damn well in real life. It's locus centers on areas where the average, much less below average human being hasn't much of a chance to neutrally weigh out the pluses and negatives of such a thing and act accordingly. Those in groups statistically lacking will see themselves as being patronized and having not much voice in their own affairs, and they're certainly not going to be happy with that. Would you blame them? Those in control run the risk of letting what is simply a statistical reality become a platonic norm. "Obviously, we shouldn't listen to X of tribe Y, tribe Y is a full SD in IQ lower than us, by sheer factor analysis he can't possibly bring anything to the table worth contributing. Why is that? Well because the vast majority of Even a higher achieving group is still going to be dumb-dumbs when it comes down to it. The folks actually doing the real headwork are in the top 10% of the population.

Of course, there's always what I consider the canard of "genetic engineering right around the corner". Sure, I agree we know a enough to cut back on retardation a good deal and in the not too distant future knock up everyone up a few points in I.Q., but what makes so many realists so sure that a magic bullet is coming real soon to get rid of this nagging genetic problem? Looking at the evidence at hand, I see nothing that points to us absolutely having that ability within 20 years, much less to say that somehow it'll obliterate group differences. If not, then we're stuck with this problem for awhile and we need to work out realistic solutions.

So, forget a moment about all the English Lit professors and cut rate journalists who are more or less cognitive blank slaters and address us, we who are convinced of the existence, but dubious about the "race realist" approach and solutions to the problem on a global and local scale. What is to be done?

Posted by: Spike Gomes on November 8, 2007 4:13 PM



"I am more suspicious of people who insist that scientific facts that make them uncomfortable must be suppressed, and anyone who points them out driven from respectable society."

Would that include the scientific facts about human contribution to global warming? How about evolution? Or are those not "facts" because there are a handful of dissenting scientists? If so, how many dissenting scientists need to be cited for scientific consensus to be unacceptable as a "fact"? Do ALL scientists agree with the Bell Curve theory and "g"?

What does one say about a metric (I.Q.) developed within a given culture (white academia) that uses questions based on that culture's biases and attributes to determine the supposedly "objective" intelligence of those taking the test?

Don't get me wrong, I'm not saying I.Q. tests are useless or invalid, just that they need to be seen as having their own built in limits and biases. And when we then move on to blame lower I.Q. for the problems of a continent emerging from the colonial era, well, count me among those unconvinced it is "g" and not $$$$ and politics that accounts for most of the problems.

Posted by: Chris White on November 8, 2007 5:56 PM



I am at a loss to understand why people like Chris W. think they’re scoring some kind of point by claiming that IQ tests only measure academic smarts as defined by the white academy. Okay, grant that then. Does Chris think there would have been less of an uproar if Watson had said that he was “inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa” because “all our social policies are based on the fact that their [academic ability] is the same as ours—whereas all the testing says not really”, and “people who have to deal with black[s in academic settings] find this is not true”?

What’s been gained here? Who would think that the black/white IQ gap doesn’t matter if it’s only a difference in academic smarts or even academic smarts as defined by white people? I don't think that CW and his ilk would be comfortable going to the public and saying, “Don’t worry about that pesky gap in IQ test scores between blacks and whites. All it means is that black people just aren’t as good at school as whites!”

And I don't think the public would be particularly comfortable hearing it, either.

Posted by: PatrickH on November 8, 2007 10:23 PM



Let me go out on a limb and suggest that if GC is right (and he probably is) we are going to have to consider some new, more benign form of "colonialism" in the sense of supplying trained personell from outside these regions. Maybe they could be genuine emigrants. Or some new kind of missionaries (Peace Corp. anybody?) or I don't know what. It's easy to jump up and down and cry paternalism, but maybe not so easy if you are the one wanting and needing help. This is going to be a real moral challenge for people who care.

P.S. One thing that definitely is NOT the answer is to invite the best trained and educated members of these unfortunate societies to immigrate to the West, thus stripping them even further of their precious human resources! That's an argument we haven't even begun to hear yet, whose truth seems almost incontrovertible, because too many timid souls are afraid of being shamed and bullied by PC bigots who could care less about what is going on in Africa.

Sorry to be so rude. This subject really upsets me.

Posted by: Luke Lea on November 8, 2007 10:54 PM



Spike:

It looks all well and good on paper, perfectly rational given the facts on the ground, but almost like libertarian economic theory, anyone who's studied history can see that it's not going to work too damn well in real life...Of course, there's always what I consider the canard of "genetic engineering right around the corner".

I've basically come to the same conclusion. I went into blogging with hope that truth and science could turn the West around. I stopped when I realized that the West is well and truly screwed. The contradictions run too deep, the center cannot hold.

The taboos that govern the West will increasingly come head up against science -- and the taboos will win, just as they have won in the Islamic world. Genetic engineering will happen, but not in the West. There will be no deus ex machina. The West will wane in importance as the East waxes. We have already seen it happening to outposts. Zimbabwe is gone, South Africa is on the way, the Southwest US is toast, and Muslims control entire cities in Europe. The cancer might be arrested, but it won't be reversed.

In the second half of the 20th century, the taboo could uneasily coexist with engineering progress, which was primarily focused on computers and communications technology. Today, though, the taboo on frank discussions of human biology simply cannot coexist with progress in genomics. We are going to see a high profile cut in funding to "racist" science. Watson and Summers are only the beginning. If necessary there will be a purge; more likely, as the fraction of the economically dependent increases in the US to 40% and beyond from its current 35% level, we will see ever more agitation for wealth redistribution.

The result: funding cuts as demagogues ask why white (and Asian) scientists should get money when so many blacks and browns are poor.

I mean, there are too many people who make their livelihood from the promotion of holy lies to give up now. Just think about it -- from the EEOC to Live Aid, from MTV to Harvard, every institution of importance has been irrevocably compromised. That was underlined when all those multinationals submitted briefs in *favor* of affirmative action in the 2003 Supreme Court case. The inmates -- or in this case, the Chief Diversity Officers -- have well and truly taken over the asylum.


The only possible out for the West is if someone who knew the score on h-bd -- and knew its relevance to every issue from subprime mortgages to mass immigration -- came to power and began using the powers of the state against the taboo manufacturers. That would mean not only an effective campaign of deportation of illegals, but overt and covert actions to reverse the trends in ethnic composition and socialism. The closest analogy would be Kemal Ataturk's battle for secularism.

This would be an incredibly difficult fight to wage given the entrenchment of these fallacies at all levels of society. Such a Prez would basically have to have iSteve/GNXP levels of knowledge/fanaticism about the issue, yet manage to keep silent about everything up to the point that he had ultimate power. It would be even more difficult to wage such a battle without the nervous system -- namely the media -- inducing paralysis and taking out the Prez like they took out Nixon.

Anyway, that's a highly unlikely scenario but the only thing I can think of at this late juncture. It would need to be someone highly placed, immensely powerful, and incredibly zealous, who had no qualms about using the state as a billy club in much the same way the left has used it against the people.


Chris:

How about evolution?

If you believe that the brain is off limits to selection -- i.e. that millions of humans spread across 5 continents and thousands of microenvironments evolved in every other way except above the neck -- then you do not believe in evolution.

What does one say about a metric (I.Q.) developed within a given culture (white academia) that uses questions based on that culture's biases and attributes to determine the supposedly "objective" intelligence of those taking the test?

It is incredible that those racist white academics made a test that the Chinese top year after year.

Link.


And when we then move on to blame lower I.Q. for the problems of a continent emerging from the colonial era, well, count me among those unconvinced it is "g" and not $$$$ and politics that accounts for most of the problems.

This quote is apropos:

More recently, commenting upon Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein's The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, (25) Lee told his authorised biographers:

" The Bell Curve is a fact of life. The blacks on average score 85 per cent on IQ and it is accurate, nothing to do with culture. The whites score on average 100. Asians score more... the Bell curve authors put it at least 10 points higher. These are realities that, if you do not accept, will lead to frustration because you will be spending money on wrong assumptions and the results cannot follow. " (26)

--Lee Kuan Yew, former president of Singapore


Plenty of other areas have "recovered" from colonialism.

Link.



The result is that 2.5 billion people have seen their standards of living rise toward those of the billion people in the already developed countries — decreasing global poverty and increasing global equality. From the point of view of individuals, economic liberalization has been a huge success.

"You have to look at people," says Professor Sala-i-Martin. "Because if you look at countries, we do have lots and lots of little countries that are doing very poorly, namely Africa — 35 African countries." But all Africa has only about half as many people as China.

There is, however, one large country where the poor really are getting poorer while the rich grow richer: Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa.

Nigeria's economy has actually shrunk over the last three decades, and the absolute poverty rate — the percentage of the population living on less than $1 a day in 1985 dollars — skyrocketed to 46 percent in 1998 from 9 percent in 1970.

While most Nigerians were falling further into destitution, the political and economic elite grew richer. The problem is not too much liberalization but too little, a politicized economy with widespread corruption.

"The rich guys are doing well, therefore reforms will not come," says a pessimistic Professor Sala-i-Martin. He has begun studying Nigeria, trying to come up with ways around the political problem.

That country is typical of Africa, which is growing ever poorer. Fully 95 percent of the world's "one-dollar poor" live in Africa, and in many countries they make up the vast majority of the population. That poverty, not the rising wealth of Asian countries, is the global economy's real problem.

"The welfare implications of finding how to turn around the growth performance of Africa are so staggering," he writes, "that this has probably become the most important question in economics."

In any case, invoking white rule as a *negative* factor for prosperity fails to explain why South Africa is the most developed country on the African continent (and why Zimbabwe was rich when it was under white rule).

Posted by: gc on November 8, 2007 11:04 PM



I'm surprised at your pessimism, godless. Discussion of the 'Watson Affair' has proceeded with a degree of openness and with multiple POVs being heard in a way that makes me believe that the facade of PC/h-bd denial is cracking. More people are part of the Sailersphere than will admit it in polite company. But the word is getting out.

At least I hope it is. Sigh. I think you're wrong about the future of the West, godless. You're beginning to sound like Derbyshire, and you're too young for that. Cheer up!

Posted by: PatrickH on November 9, 2007 9:50 AM



gc:

See, the thing is I wouldn't want a guy like Steve Sailer or (no offense) you anywhere near the controls of the state. As you have noted, public perception is key in the endevour, and the problems I see with the realist position are thus:

1. It gives really bad news. News no one who's a decent human being would want to celebrate about. So bad, a lot of decent people would want to cover it up, due to the fact that many unpleasant episodes in history derived from it.

2. Despite this, those who take the realist position take the most blunt approach to the question, almost gleefully tromping on sensitivities. This is not condusive to getting others to listen to you, much less agree with you, compromise with you or work with you.

3. The realist position doesn't attempt to brush away the more odious elements of it's fanbase. One wants to take a bath after reading Steve Sailer's comment rolls and someone ought to yell at folks like Kevin McDonald that they're not helping.

4. The sheer breathlessness of the rhetoric is offputting. Yes, it is a serious problem, but it's one among many and not every single aspect is completely determined. Building mental images of uniformed police rounding up and trucking Mexicans back across the border en masse isn't a very good appeal, and come to think of it, and action like that isn't very feasible or realistic.

5. Drop the with us or against us crap. I'm "Left" by many indicators, yet I've come to believe. In some ways it validates my beliefs better than the egalitarian approach. It actually helped I belong to a group that's on the losing side of the Bell Curve. Why? Because I can accept it without being called racist. I want solutions, though. Feasible solutions, and a presentation that works! As long as the realists insist on being complete dumb-dumbs towards public relations and bridge building and being patently *unrealistic* when it comes to solutions, we're just going to keep spinning our wheels endlessly.

Posted by: Spike Gomes on November 9, 2007 4:08 PM



Hey, guess what! The evidence is in, and it confirms what we all know is true about blacks vis a vis whites and other groups. Gee whiz, did it hurt some feelings? Is that a big no no? It doesn't seem to matter much how non-whites portray whites as evil, constantly braying about thier historical wrongs, never focusing on all the good things we've done for other groups. Just a big mouthful of crap when it comes to overlooking our problems and giving us the benefit of the doubt. We're oh-so-evil, but everybody is flooding into our countries and never leaving, and demanding handouts to boot. Funny how that works out. I don't htink we need any more charity cases.

Hey, if you want to hate James Watson, be my guest. His lab in Cold Springs Harbor used to be home to the American Eugenics Office, which used to lobby for passing laws to sterilize the "unfit", which actually came to pass before WWII. Since Hitler gave eugenics a bad name, after WWII, the American Eugenics Office changed its name and its mission. See, its now the home of the Human Genome Project, and its aims are at direct manipulation of genes to bring about eugenics, rather than relying on selective breeding of the "good" people. The lab is also related to the Defense Department's program to develop race-specific bioweapons. All in all, a bunch of real nice folks.

Its supposed to be free country. Nobody is obligated to lie about inferior intelligence or give charity to a group of people who mostly hate whites and can't seem to ever get their act together. White people have no more obligations to minorities than they would have to one of their white neighbors that they didn't like who was running down the neighborhood and trying to bum money all the time. I'm all for individual liberty and willing separation if need be, but I don't advocate eugenics or the policies of eugenicists like Watson at all--he is pure evil. He shouldn't have lost his job for telling the truth--he should have lost his job because he is a eugenicist along the line of the Nazis. One is so much more important than the other.

P.S. If you can't stand people who tell you the truth, by all means, hang out with liars. If evaluating people as individuals is so important, then why won't you leftists let us ditch the quota laws? Put your money where your mouth is. Otherwise, you're a hypocrite, and I don't understand why anyone should take you seriously. This isn't the Soviet Union--we don't censor the truth, even if it is unpleasant. And I'll be damned if I give up my liberties in deference to your feelings. Its the truth--get used to it.

Posted by: BIOH on November 9, 2007 8:09 PM



Great post.

I tend to see IQ as a western construct that may be helpful in assessing whether non-westerners will be able to funtion in a western country, as immigrants, or develop their countries along a western path.

It does appear to have strong predictive value in assessing people's ability to do well in a western or East Asian-style classroom.

Having said that, I don't believe the demographic profile of a country, whatever its ethnic makeup, should be radically altered in the name of economic growth.

Similarly, IQ should be not used to rank people or other cultures per se.

As you say, people have evolved to suit different niches, and who is to say an Aborigine with a fairly low IQ is not as well suited to living in Australia as a high IQ Israeli is suited to living in competitive, densely populated Israel.

Posted by: mike on November 9, 2007 11:14 PM



Michael wrote:

"Some people I've met who work in the genetics field have assured me that tons of information about biological-genetic differences between the races is going to be emerging over the next few decades."

This is something you hear all the time (at least on the internet), but isn't it perhaps something impossible to assert? What I mean is this. Let's say we have good reasons right now to believe (a) there is a genetic component to intelligence (which seems like a reasonable assumption) and that (b) the distribution of intelligence varies among the races. I have no idea if this is true, but it is something often said or implied by the GXNP crowd. That is, let's say it is somewhat reasonable to make these statements based on evidence available now. Scientist or no, how can anyone, with any confidence, predict we will have better reasons for believing them in the years ahead? Presumably such a prediction means that, in the future, evidence for statements (a) and (b) will be so overwhelming that no disinterested person could deny they are reasonably warranted, or justified (or what have you), beliefs. But how can anyone say what new evidence will emerge? If we "know" there will be stronger evidence for statements like (a) & (b), doesn't that mean the evidence has in some sense already "emerged"?

(To put it another way: maybe all the scientific findings of the last 20 years -- maybe even from multiple fields, which would strengthen the case -- have gone in one direction. How do we know that it will continue to go in that direction, or for that matter, that there will be any new evidence at all?)

So it strikes me just now this is a surprising claim, but maybe someone more knowledgeable in the relevant science can explain we can confidently predict the future direction of that science. (Ongoing and slowly developing research programs, maybe?)

On a related note, do people who think that racial groups have different average intellectual capacities (so that some races are on average smarter than others) think it's fair to call this a kind of racism? Call it "racism-light" if you want, free from bigotry and based on the best current science, but why isn't it also fair to call it a kind of racism?

Posted by: Paul on November 10, 2007 3:14 AM



how can anyone, with any confidence, predict we will have better reasons for believing them in the years ahead?

Because a) we have multi-million person studies (here's just this one) which show that populations differ in IQ and b) the cost of genome sequencing is plummeting at an exponential rate (literally).

Thus as the cost of sequence data falls and more data piles up, it is quickly going to become *much* easier to determine the genetic determinants of complex traits. Just a big regression problem, P(Y|X).

why isn't it also fair to call it a kind of racism?

For the same reason it's not legitimate to call atheism a form of satanism. Disbelief in JC is not belief in the antichrist. Similarly, disbelief in PC is not belief in racism.

Had Watson called himself a believer in "racism light" in the sense of believing in population differences, all context would have been stripped and 80 point headlines would have read "Watson admits racism".

Bottom line is that the perpetrators of holy lies always do their utmost to cast dissidents as heretics -- as *bad people* -- and it is foolish to accept their labels or their frame on the world. It will get you ostracized and (in Europe) clapped in irons for "hate speech".

Posted by: gc on November 10, 2007 5:13 AM



Despite this, those who take the realist position take the most blunt approach to the question, almost gleefully tromping on sensitivities.

Come on Spike, we're talking about a selection bias. There's no way you would accept h-bd in the first place if you were someone who privileged sensitivity over truth. You know, "if guns are outlawed, only outlaws will have guns".

H-bd is an outlaw truth. Voicing it will land you in jail in Europe and out of a job in the US, especially if you are a white male who is not particularly verbally adept. This is why the distribution of h-bd believers is strongly left-shifted in terms of agreeableness.
And it is one of the reasons it's such a heavily male area: women are more practically minded, and hence put more stock in popularity than truth. The threat of ostracism is ever present to them and more important than some abstract standard of truth. Most males are similarly bound by convention, but there is a larger contingent of disagreeable insensitives. Such disagreeable, insensitive men are enri